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I'm sure you are aware of the preliminary findings of the Philadelphia Energy Solutions (PES) Refinery explosion. If not, have a look at the video below. It is very interesting, but sad. I think we all can learn a lot from it.

<a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/pes-refinery-csb-initial-report" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div class="blog-post"> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/pipeline-safety-and-security-why-are-we-still-not-prepared"> <div class="item-img-wrap"> <img src="https://www.exida.com/2021/051121-colonial-cyber.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Pipeline Safety and Security – Why are we still not prepared?"> <div class="item-img-overlay"> <span></span> </div> </div> </a>  <ul class="list-inline post-detail"> <li>by Steve Gandy, CFSP</li> <li><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> Tuesday, May 11, 2021 </li> <li><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/cybersecurity">Industrial Cybersecurity</a></li> </ul> <h2>Pipeline Safety and Security – Why are we still not prepared?</h2> <article> <p>It’s interesting that I had been preparing a <a href="https://www.exida.com/Webinars" target="_blank">webinar</a> on pipeline safety and security since there have already been <a href="https://www.phmsa.dot.gov" target="_blank">numerous incidents reported</a> regarding pipeline accidents and leakage.  Now the <a href="https://www.colpipe.com/news/press-releases/media-statement-colonial-pipeline-system-disruption" target="_blank">latest incident</a> concerning Colonial Pipeline and the ransomware attack by Darkside, a so-called extortion group,… <p><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/pipeline-safety-and-security-why-are-we-still-not-prepared" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div class="blog-post"> <ul class="list-inline post-detail"> <li>by Steve Gandy, CFSP</li> <li><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> Thursday, April 25, 2013 </li> <li><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/Certification">Certification</a></li> </ul> <h2>Practice Makes Perfect…Almost</h2> <article> <p>How often do Managers see training budgets being cut, or personnel becoming blasé about training in general?  Isn’t it the norm that annual performance reviews involve reviewing training requirements?  Realistically, how often do these training requirements get ignored and/or forgotten about during the year?  The answer, I’m afraid, is… <p><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/practice_makes_perfectalmost" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div class="blog-post"> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/random-versus-systematic-faults-whats-the-difference"> <div class="item-img-wrap"> <img src="/2017/uploads/Random-versus-Systematic-Faults.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Random versus Systematic Faults: What’s the difference?"> <div class="item-img-overlay"> <span></span> </div> </div> </a>  <ul class="list-inline post-detail"> <li>by Steve Gandy, CFSP</li> <li><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> Thursday, October 19, 2017 </li> <li><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/Functional-Safety">Functional Safety</a></li> </ul> <h2>Random versus Systematic Faults: What’s the difference?</h2> <article> <p>I saw and responded to a LinkedIn discussion on this very issue, where someone had asked “if I have a misaligned limit switch that fails dangerously, then is it random or systematic? “.  This is an intriguing question because many view human error as being systematic and, whereas, this… <p><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/random-versus-systematic-faults-whats-the-difference" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div class="blog-post"> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/safety-requirements-specifications-srs-the-good-and-the-bad"> <div class="item-img-wrap"> <img src="/2016/uploads/srs-good-bad-blog.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Safety Requirements Specifications (SRS):  The Good and the Bad"> <div class="item-img-overlay"> <span></span> </div> </div> </a>  <ul class="list-inline post-detail"> <li>by Steve Gandy, CFSP</li> <li><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> Thursday, January 21, 2016 </li> <li><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/Functional-Safety">Functional Safety</a></li> </ul> <h2>Safety Requirements Specifications (SRS):  The Good and the Bad</h2> <article> <p>The IEC 61511 Standard requires the user to create a Safety Requirements Specification (SRS) for a Safety Instrumented System (SIS) that incorporates all the analysis done during the Risk Assessment, HAZOP/PHA and LOPA reviews.  The SRS falls into two types: an initial conceptual SRS, often referred to as the… <p><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/safety-requirements-specifications-srs-the-good-and-the-bad" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div class="blog-post"> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/still-using-excel-to-do-pfd-calculations"> <div class="item-img-wrap"> <img src="/2016/uploads/still-using-excel.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Still Using Excel to do PFD Calculations?"> <div class="item-img-overlay"> <span></span> </div> </div> </a>  <ul class="list-inline post-detail"> <li>by Steve Gandy, CFSP</li> <li><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> Monday, April 28, 2014 </li> <li><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/software">Software</a></li> </ul> <h2>Still Using Excel to do PFD Calculations?</h2> <article> <p>It’s very interesting to me to find that people are still using excel to do PFD calculations.  Whereas this is probably okay for simple single element architectures (i.e. single sensor, single logic solver and single final element), it becomes extremely complicated when dealing with redundant architectures.  Moreover, for performing… <p><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/still-using-excel-to-do-pfd-calculations" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div class="blog-post"> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/ten-years-later-IEC-61511"> <div class="item-img-wrap"> <img src="/2016/uploads/10-years-later.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Ten Years Later"> <div class="item-img-overlay"> <span></span> </div> </div> </a>  <ul class="list-inline post-detail"> <li>by Steve Gandy, CFSP</li> <li><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> Wednesday, February 19, 2014 </li> <li><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/Certification">Certification</a></li> </ul> <h2>Ten Years Later</h2> <article> <p>It’s hard to believe that the <a href="http://exida.com/Resources/Term/IEC-61511">IEC61511 standard</a> has been in existence since 2003, and most companies operating in the process, chemical, and refining industries (or any other hazardous process manufacturer) have adopted its practices.  It’s also significant that any plants that were built back then with a… <p><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/ten-years-later-IEC-61511" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div class="blog-post"> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/the-dos-and-dont-of-sis-application-programming"> <div class="item-img-wrap"> <img src="https://www.exida.com/2020/11-19-20-SIS-Gandy.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="The Dos and Don’t of SIS Application Programming"> <div class="item-img-overlay"> <span></span> </div> </div> </a>  <ul class="list-inline post-detail"> <li>by Steve Gandy, CFSP</li> <li><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> Thursday, November 19, 2020 </li> <li><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/Functional-Safety">Functional Safety</a></li> </ul> <h2>The Dos and Don’t of SIS Application Programming</h2> <article> <p>It’s interesting that the majority of the time when people talk about <a href="https://www.exida.com/Functional-Safety-Process-Industry">functional safety</a>, they are usually thinking about hardware: what sensors to use, which logic solver, what actuator, solenoid or valve to select; what voting architecture, etc.  What often gets overlooked, initially, is the application program.</p> <p>Essentially, when… <p><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/the-dos-and-dont-of-sis-application-programming" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div class="blog-post"> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/the-importance-of-considering-common-cause-with-redundant-systems"> <div class="item-img-wrap"> <img src="https://www.exida.com/2022/020322-gandy-CommonCause.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="The Importance Of Considering Common Cause with Redundant Systems"> <div class="item-img-overlay"> <span></span> </div> </div> </a>  <ul class="list-inline post-detail"> <li>by Steve Gandy, CFSP</li> <li><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> Tuesday, August 15, 2023 </li> <li><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/Functional-Safety">Functional Safety</a></li> </ul> <h2>The Importance Of Considering Common Cause with Redundant Systems</h2> <article> <p>Common Cause is one of those variables that is not always considered important when it comes to SIL compliance.  And yet, for redundant systems, it can have a significant impact on the PFDavg and Risk Reduction achieved (in Low Demand mode) or PFH (in high or continuous mode).  Most of the… <p><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/the-importance-of-considering-common-cause-with-redundant-systems" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div class="blog-post"> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/the-site-safety-challenge-do-you-follow-good-site-practices"> <div class="item-img-wrap"> <img src="https://www.exida.com/2019/steve-blog-ssi-1119.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="The Site Safety Challenge – Do You Follow Good Site Practices?"> <div class="item-img-overlay"> <span></span> </div> </div> </a>  <ul class="list-inline post-detail"> <li>by Steve Gandy, CFSP</li> <li><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> Tuesday, November 26, 2019 </li> <li><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/Functional-Safety">Functional Safety</a></li> </ul> <h2>The Site Safety Challenge – Do You Follow Good Site Practices?</h2> <article> <p>The question of whether companies follow good site safety practices is an interesting one. Firstly, what do we mean by good site safety practices?  I think most companies believe they follow good site safety practices but do they really? Are they really measuring and tracking this?</p> <p>The basis of having good site… <p><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/the-site-safety-challenge-do-you-follow-good-site-practices" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div class="blog-post"> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/what-does-root-cause-analysis-really-mean"> <div class="item-img-wrap"> <img src="https://www.exida.com/2024/013124-sg-root-cause_sq2.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="What Does Root Cause Analysis Really Mean?"> <div class="item-img-overlay"> <span></span> </div> </div> </a>  <ul class="list-inline post-detail"> <li>by Steve Gandy, CFSP</li> <li><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> Wednesday, January 31, 2024 </li> <li><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/Functional-Safety">Functional Safety</a></li> </ul> <h2>What Does Root Cause Analysis Really Mean?</h2> <article> <p>This is an intriguing question.  One that I often ask my classes when I’m teaching our <a href="https://www.exida.com/Training/Course/IEC-61511-Functional-Safety-Analysis-Design-and-Operation">FSE100 Functional Safety course</a>. Very often, they do not know or do not fully understand what this means and why it is important.</p> <p>The IEC61511 standard requires that any failures that occur within the… <p><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/what-does-root-cause-analysis-really-mean" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div class="blog-post"> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/what-is-competency-anyway"> <div class="item-img-wrap"> <img src="/2015/what-is-competency-anyway.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="What is Competency Anyway?"> <div class="item-img-overlay"> <span></span> </div> </div> </a>  <ul class="list-inline post-detail"> <li>by Steve Gandy, CFSP</li> <li><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> Friday, March 13, 2015 </li> <li><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/Certification">Certification</a></li> </ul> <h2>What is Competency Anyway?</h2> <article> <p>I’ve been following some discussions from one of the online forums regarding competency and it’s clear from the correspondence that the issue of competency is still very subjective.  It made me think about “what is competency?” To me it’s a blend of knowledge and experience and just how well… <p><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/what-is-competency-anyway" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div class="blog-post"> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/what-is-prior-use-justification"> <div class="item-img-wrap"> <img src="https://www.exida.com/2020/0618-prior-use-sg.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="What is Prior Use Justification?"> <div class="item-img-overlay"> <span></span> </div> </div> </a>  <ul class="list-inline post-detail"> <li>by Steve Gandy, CFSP</li> <li><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> Tuesday, June 16, 2020 </li> <li><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/Functional-Safety">Functional Safety</a></li> </ul> <h2>What is Prior Use Justification?</h2> <article> <p>When it comes to <a href="https://www.exida.com/Webinars/Recordings/functional-safety-management-fsm-for-iec-61511" target="_blank">IEC61511</a> and the selection of equipment for use within Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) and Safety Instrumented Functions (SIF), there are only two methods that can be used to justify selection: I<a href="https://www.exida.com/SAEL-safety" target="_blank">EC61508 Certified devices</a> for the required SIL or Prior Use Justification.  Just… <p><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/what-is-prior-use-justification" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div class="blog-post"> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/which-fsas-do-i-have-to-perform-iec61511"> <div class="item-img-wrap"> <img src="/2018/Blog-Steve-Gandy-418-FSA.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Which FSAs Do I Have to Perform?"> <div class="item-img-overlay"> <span></span> </div> </div> </a>  <ul class="list-inline post-detail"> <li>by Steve Gandy, CFSP</li> <li><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> Thursday, April 26, 2018 </li> <li><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/Functional-Safety">Functional Safety</a></li> </ul> <h2>Which FSAs Do I Have to Perform?</h2> <article> <p>The new release of IEC61511:2016 has caused some confusion when it comes to the Functional Safety Assessments (FSAs). Which ones are mandatory?</p> <p>The confusion comes from the wording in the standard and the clarifications in the notes. The relevant clause in the standard 5.2.6.1.4 states:</p> <blockquote> <p>A FSA team… <p><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/which-fsas-do-i-have-to-perform-iec61511" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div class="blog-post"> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/why-bother-with-systematic-issues"> <div class="item-img-wrap"> <img src="https://www.exida.com/2020/020620-steve-gandy-systematic.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Why Bother With Systematic Issues?"> <div class="item-img-overlay"> <span></span> </div> </div> </a>  <ul class="list-inline post-detail"> <li>by Steve Gandy, CFSP</li> <li><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> Thursday, February 06, 2020 </li> <li><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/Functional-Safety">Functional Safety</a></li> </ul> <h2>Why Bother With Systematic Issues?</h2> <article> <p>You may be wondering why this question is being asked?  Isn’t it obvious that systematic issues are important and need to be considered?  It may be that some of you reading this blog may not even understand what is meant by systematic issues.  In which case, it may surprise you to know… <p><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/why-bother-with-systematic-issues" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div class="blog-post"> <ul class="list-inline post-detail"> <li>by Steve Gandy, CFSP</li> <li><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> Tuesday, June 04, 2013 </li> <li><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/Functional-Safety">Functional Safety</a></li> </ul> <h2>Why Do We Need You?</h2> <article> <p>This was a question posed to me by an engineering contractor the other day.  Although I found the question quite strange, it made me think “okay, why do they need us?”  I suppose there are a few answers:</p><ol><li>Regarding the end user perspective, we exist to provide an independent third-party… <p><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/why_do_we_need_you" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div class="blog-post"> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/why-is-cybersecurity-hygiene-important-for-automation-systems"> <div class="item-img-wrap"> <img src="https://www.exida.com/2023/061223-cyber-hygiene2023.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Why is Cybersecurity Hygiene Important for Automation Systems?"> <div class="item-img-overlay"> <span></span> </div> </div> </a>  <ul class="list-inline post-detail"> <li>by Steve Gandy, CFSP</li> <li><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> Monday, June 12, 2023 </li> <li><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/cybersecurity">Industrial Cybersecurity</a></li> </ul> <h2>Why is Cybersecurity Hygiene Important for Automation Systems?</h2> <article> <p>Cybersecurity incidents have shown that there can be major consequences for automation systems. There have been incidences where attackers have been able to manipulate the human resource interface console directly. It was only by chance that an operator in one particular instance happened to notice that his mouse pointer… <p><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/why-is-cybersecurity-hygiene-important-for-automation-systems" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div class="blog-post"> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/why-is-functional-safety-an-important-piece-of-process-safety-management"> <div class="item-img-wrap"> <img src="/2017/uploads/why-functional-safety-process-safety-management.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Why Is Functional Safety An Important Piece of Process Safety Management?"> <div class="item-img-overlay"> <span></span> </div> </div> </a>  <ul class="list-inline post-detail"> <li>by Steve Gandy, CFSP</li> <li><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> Wednesday, May 17, 2017 </li> <li><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/Functional-Safety">Functional Safety</a></li> </ul> <h2>Why Is Functional Safety An Important Piece of Process Safety Management?</h2> <article> <p>It’s interesting to note that with the release of the 2016 edition of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61511" target="_blank">IEC61511</a>, there’s more emphasis being placed on the need for better <a href="http://www.exida.com/Resources/Term/Functional-Safety-Management-Plan-FSM" target="_blank">functional safety management</a>.  Having taught many courses on Functional Safety over the past few years, I find that most of the… <p><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/why-is-functional-safety-an-important-piece-of-process-safety-management" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div class="blog-post"> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/why-proof-test-coverage-is-so-important-for-a-sif-to-achieve-target-sill"> <div class="item-img-wrap"> <img src="/2017/uploads/blog-why-proof-test-2017.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Why Proof Test Coverage Is So Important For A SIF to Achieve Its Target SIL?"> <div class="item-img-overlay"> <span></span> </div> </div> </a>  <ul class="list-inline post-detail"> <li>by Steve Gandy, CFSP</li> <li><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> Thursday, August 24, 2017 </li> <li><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/Functional-Safety">Functional Safety</a></li> </ul> <h2>Why Proof Test Coverage Is So Important For A SIF to Achieve Its Target SIL?</h2> <article> <p>This is a question I often get asked when I’m teaching our <a href="http://www.exida.com/Training/Course/IEC-61511-Functional-Safety-Analysis-Design-and-Operation" target="_blank">FSE100 course</a> on Functional Safety, when we discuss the purpose of Proof Testing and coverage.  It’s amazing how many end users assume perfect proof testing (i.e. 100% coverage), that is capable of finding, all the… <p><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/why-proof-test-coverage-is-so-important-for-a-sif-to-achieve-target-sill" class="btn btn--primary">Read More...</a></p> </div>  <div> <ul class="pagination pagination-lg"> <li><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/tag/Steve+Gandy/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png/apple-touch-icon.png">1</a></li> <li class="active"><a href="#">2</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/tag/Steve+Gandy/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png/apple-touch-icon.png/P40">3</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/tag/Steve+Gandy/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png/apple-touch-icon.png/P40">Last→</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div class="col-md-3 col-md-offset-1">  <div class="sidebar-box margin40"> <h4>Categories</h4> <ul id="nav_categories" class="list-unstyled cat-list"> <li> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/alarm_management">Alarm Management</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/Certification">Certification</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/Functional-Safety">Functional Safety</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.exida.com/Blog/Pages/category/cybersecurity">Industrial Cybersecurity</a> </li> 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